Knowledge

Biochemical changes 1) Fragmentation of DNA A remarkable feature of apoptosis is the degradation of DNA in cell chromosomes, which is a common phenomenon. This degradation is very specific and regular

Morphological observation shows that the changes of apoptosis are multi-stage, and apoptosis often involves a single cell, even a small part of cells are asynchronous. First, the cell volume shrinks,

Although the final results of apoptosis and necrosis are very similar, their processes and manifestations are very different. Necrosis: Necrosis is a death process in which cells are affected by stron

In fact, in a strict lexical sense, there is a big difference between programmed cell death (PCD) and apoptosis. The concept of programmed cell death was put forward in 1956. PCD is a functional conce

1. The formation of the concept of apoptosis In 1965, Australian scientists found that after ligation of the rat portal vein, the electron microscope observed some scattered dead cells in the liver pa

The cells in the human body are doomed to die, some of which are physiological, and some of which are pathological. The research on the process of cell death has become a hotspot in biological and med

Apoptosis refers to the spontaneous and orderly death of cells controlled by genes to maintain the stability of the internal environment. Apoptosis is different from cell necrosis. Cell apoptosis is n

Antibiotics are a class of secondary metabolites produced by microorganisms (including bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes) or higher animals and plants in the life process, which have anti pathogen or oth

Antibiotics can not only kill pathogens, but also cause damage to human body. The drugs enter the stomach through the mouth and are absorbed into the blood through the intestine and transported to var

The discovery and application of antibiotics is a great revolution of mankind. However, with the widespread use of antibiotics in clinical practice, drug resistance soon emerged, which not only caused

The purpose of combined drug use is to improve disease treatment effect, reduce bacterial resistance, reduce adverse reactions, and expand the scope of antibacterial. However, the indications of combi

The preventive use of antibiotics accounts for about 40% of the amount of antibiotics used, while the number of those with practical value is in the minority. The wrong use of antibiotics for viral in